Biological properties of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi essential oil

Abstract Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi green fruits essential oil (EO) was evaluated regarding its phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and toxicity. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was applied to identify its constituents, thereafter the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations, and its antibiofilm activity were evaluated. The EO cytotoxicity was assessed in tumor and non-tumor human cells, and in vivo toxicity was evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The major constituents of S. terebinthifolia EO were alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene. The EO had a weak activity against all strains of Candida albicans (MIC 1000µg/mL) and had no activity against non-albicans strains, bacteria, and C. albicans biofilm. Cytostatic activity against all tumor cell lines was shown. Additionally, cell viability remained at EO concentrations up to 62.5 µg/mL. At 16 mg/mL, 50% hemolysis was observed, and it had low toxicity in vivo. Overall, the S. terebinthifolia EO was characterized by low antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, with no evidence of toxicity to human tumor and non-tumor cells

Potencial de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais no controle de fitopatógenos / Potential of essential oils from medicinal plants to control plant pathogens

Além do valor como recurso terapêutico, plantas medicinais também possuem potencial para serem utilizadas como fonte de princípios ativos contra fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de óleos essenciais das espécies medicinais Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo), Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeirinha) e Porophyllum ruderale (arnica-brasileira) sobre o crescimento dos fungos fitopatogênicos Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), F. solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), S. minor (Sm), Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), Sclerotium rolfsii (Sr) e Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp). Avaliou-se em placas de Petri o crescimento radial desses fungos em meio batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) com cinco concentrações (0, 250, 500, 1000 e 3000 mg L-1) dos óleos essenciais. Discos de micélio (5 mm de diâmetro) de cada fungo em crescimento foram transferidos para placas de Petri que foram mantidas a 23°C no escuro por 48 horas. O óleo essencial de alecrim-do-campo foi o mais eficiente na redução do crescimento micelial de todos os fungos, com inibição completa quando se utilizou a concentração de 3000 mg L-1. A redução de crescimento variou de 29% (Fs) a 80% (Rs) a 250 mg L-1 do óleo essencial de alecrim-do-campo; a 500 mg L-1, variou de 29% (Fs) a 98% (Sr); e a 1000 mg L-1, de 41% (Fs) a 100% (Sr). A redução do crescimento dos fungos pelo óleo de aroeirinha na concentração de 3000 mg L-1 variou de 27% (Fsp) a 74% (Rs). Nessa concentração, o óleo de arnica-brasileira reduziu o crecimento micelial de Ss em 72%, o de Rs em 80% e o de Mp em 82%, sem efeitos significativos sobre o crescimento micelial de Fsp e Fop. Conclui-se que os óleos essenciais de alecrim-do-campo, aroeirinha e arnica-brasileira possuem potencial para o controle dos fungos fitopatogênicos estudados, com destaque para o óleo de alecrim-do-campo.

In addition to their value as therapeutic resources, medicinal plants also have the potential to be used as a source of alternative compounds against plant pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils extracted from the medicinal species Baccharis dracunculifolia, Schinus terebinthifolius and Porophyllum ruderale on the growth of the fungal plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), F. solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), S. minor (Sm), Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), Sclerotium rolfsii (Sr) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp). The radial mycelial growth of the fungi was evaluated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in Petri dishes with five concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1000 and 3000 μL L-1) of the essential oils. Mycelial discs (5 mm diameter) of the growing colonies of each fungus were transferred to Petri dishes, which were maintained at 23 °C in the dark for 48 hours. The essential oil of B. dracunculifolia was the most effective oil in the reduction of the mycelial growth of all fungi. It completely inhibited their growth at 3000 mg L-1. At 250 mg L-1, the growth reduction caused by the oil of B. dracunculifolia varied from 29% (Fs) to 80% (Rs); at 500 mg L-1, it varied from 29% (Fs) to 98% (Sr); and at 1000 mg L-1, it varied from 41% (Fs) to 100% (Sr). The reduction of the mycelial growth caused by the oil of S. terebinthifolius at 3000 mg L-1 varied from 27% (Fsp) to 74% (Rs). At this concentration, the oil of P. ruderale reduced the mycelial growth of Ss by 72%, of Rs by 80% and of Mp by 82%, without significant effects on the mycelial growth of Fsp and Fop. We conclude that the essential oils of B. dracunculifolia, S. terebinthifolius and P. ruderale have the potential to be used to control the plant pathogens tested, especially the oil of B. dracunculifolia.

Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of the leaves of Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) / Morfología, anatomía e histoquímica de las hojas de Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae)

The “aroeira” (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) is a tropical tree with limited geographic distribution in South America, being found in drier formations such as the Cerrado and Caatinga. Empirically it is used with antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiarrhoeal and others. In this study we used mature leaves and expanded from the third and fourth nodes. Studies venation and morphology, anatomy and histochemistry were performed by the usual laboratory plant anatomy or the usual techniques of plant anatomy. For histochemical study of the fresh cuts various reagents and specific stains were used. The blade is elliptical leaflets with acute apex, oblique base, obtuse angle, entire margin and slightly wavy. Shows the pattern of venation feather-veined, pinnate type based generally asymmetrical and oblique. The indumentum is sericeous with trichomes deciduous. The consistency of the lamina is papyracea. The cuticle of leaflets, is thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, palisade parenchyma with a cell layer and spongy parenchyma with three cell layers with idioblasts containing crystals of CaCO3, tector trichomes simple multicellular with two or more cells are observed on both sides of the leaflets. The histochemical analysis revealed the presence of starch granules, crystals of calcium oxalate, fatty compounds, resins, phenolics and alkaloids compounds. The structural data obtained in this study may assist in ecophysiological characterization of the species and provide evidence for the identification of herbal medicines produced from that plant organ.

El "aroeira" (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) es una especie de árbol tropical con una distribución geográfica limitada en América del Sur, se encuentra en formaciones más secas, como el Cerrado y Caatinga. Empíricamente se usa en la cicatrización, como anti-inflamatorio y otros. En este estudio hemos utilizado las hojas maduras y ampliadas a partir de los nodos de tercero y cuarto. Para los estudios de venación y la morfología, la anatomía y los procedimientos histoquímicos fue el laboratorio de anatomía vegetal de costumbre. Los estudios de venación y morfología, anatomía e histoquímica fueron realizados por el laboratorio habitual de Anatomía vegetal o por las técnicas usuales de la anatomía vegetal. Los folíolos son elípticos con ápice agudo, base oblicua margen de ángulo obtuso todo ligeramente ondulado. El indumento es seríceo con tricomas de hoja caduca. La consistencia de la lámina es papirácea. Muestra el patrón de venación rectinervia, tipo pinnadas basan por lo general asimétrica y oblicua. La cutícula de los folíolos, es más delgada en la epidermis inferior de la epidermis superior, parénquima en empalizada con una capa de células y el parénquima esponjoso con tres capas de células idioblastos con drusas de oxalato de calcio, tricomas tectores multicelulares simples con dos o más células en la base se observado a ambos lados del folíolo. El análisis histoquímica reveló la presencia de gránulos de almidón, cristales de oxalato de calcio, compuestos grasos, resinas, fenoles y alcaloides. Los datos estructurales obtenidos en este estudio pueden ayudar en la caracterización ecofisiológica de la especie y aportar pruebas para la identificación de los medicamentos herbarios producidos a partir de ese órgano de la planta.

Sistemas de producción de Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) en el centro-occidente de México

Production systems of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in Central West México. Morphological, physical and chemical traits related with fruit quality characteristics of Spondias purpurea L. agroecosystems were studied in Central-West Mexico for wild and cultivated populations. Spondias purpurea regularly thrive in shallow, rocky infertile soils unsuitable for conventional crops. The weight, axial and radial length, pH, total soluble solids (SST), reducing sugars, proteins and mineral content in fruits were recorded. The mean fresh fruit weight was superior in the cultivated varieties (20 g) than in the wild (16 g). Similarly the highest values of pH, SST, reducing sugars and protein content (3.3, 12.15º Brix, 0.38 g/100 g and 1.18 g/100 g, respectively) were observed in the cultivated plantations compared with wild populations (3.0, 8.31º Brix, 0.24 g/100 g and 0.14 g/100 g, respectively). In cultivated plantations, productivity ranged from 0.15 ton ha-1 to 5.0 ton ha-1, and must be considered satisfactory, considering the low inputs of fertilizers and pesticides applied to orchards. The fruits of S. purpurea are similar in nutrimental content to more important commercial fruit species; it produces fresh fruits during the dry months of spring, when few fresh fruits are available in the local markets. In addition, S. purpurea is a source of water and food for domestic animals and wild fauna. These traits emphasize their agronomical and ecological importance for tropical and subtropical environments, where it can also be used in reforestation programs because it can grow in infertile rocky soils, and in agroecosystems inhabited by low income farmers that practice subsistence agriculture. In fact, the cultivation of Spondias has helped convert marginal lands into productive lands. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 675-687. Epub 2008 June 30.

Describimos las características de los agroecosistemas y rasgos morfológicos, físicos y químicos relacionados con la calidad de los frutos de la guayaba, Spondias purpurea L., que se producen en poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas en el centro-occidente de México. Spondias purpurea se desarrolla en suelos rocosos, poco profundos e infértiles, poco aptos para la agricultura tradicional. En los frutos se registró el peso, longitud axial y radial, pH, sólidos solubles totales (SST), azúcares reductores, proteínas y contenido de minerales. El peso promedio de frutos en las variedades cultivadas (20 g) resultó superior al de las silvestres (16 g). Las variedades cultivadas registraron en promedio los valores más altos de pH, SST, azúcares reductores y contenido de proteínas (3.3, 12.15º Brix, 0.38 g/100 g y 1.18 g/100 g, respectivamente) que las silvestres (3.0, 8.31º Brix, 0.24 g/100 g y 0.14 g/100 g, respectivamente). La productividad de la especie es aceptable (de 0.15 ton ha-1 a 5.0 ton ha-1) dado que requiere de un mínimo de manejo agronómico. Esta especie tiene un contenido nutrimental comparable al de las especies frutales más importantes; además, produce frutos frescos durante los meses secos de la primavera por lo que S. purpurea es fuente de agua y alimento para la fauna silvestre y doméstica. Estas características resaltan su importancia agronómica y ecológica para los ambientes tropicales y subtropicales en donde puede ser utilizada en programas de reforestación por su capacidad para desarrollarse en suelos rocosos infértiles, y en agroecosistemas en los que se practica agricultura de subsistencia. De hecho, el cultivo de S. purpurea puede ayudar a convertir suelos marginales en productivos.